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טכנלוגיות העתיד של הצוללות הגרמניות
SUBMARINE TECHNOLOGY OF THE FUTURE
Peter Hauschild is director of research and development. Projects German Navy, concept design for Howaldtswerke-Werft GmbH in the German company ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems
Today and tomorrow will be the submarine demands from a growing range of tasks, measures against terrorists at sea about anti-submarine and combat ships to support missions ashore.These tasks take place primarily in the difficult conditions of coastal waters, but now sometimes put vast Driveways ahead to the crisis locations in the world.
The paper describes important issues and new developments in submarine technology.
Drive - AIP
Non-nuclear submarines are due to their excellent maneuverability for operations in coastal waters, particularly geeignet.Mit a modern air-independent propulsion system (air-independent
the submarine can stay submerged for a long time deep in the operational area. AIP is the key to the de facto Undetectability: The U-boat can perform tasks in the field of intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance as well as the introduction of special forces with an extremely low risk of detection.
ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems (TKMS) now offers the only fully developed AIP systems: the Stirling engine, a 20 years in active use located AIP system, and the PEM fuel cell (FC), a highly developed AIP system, which Today the world is on several navies.
The demand of some marines after longer operating times and higher AIP-speed leads to a demand for more retained on board AIP energy.Two systems mentioned in this respect borders, set the Stirling engine mainly mainly by the oxygen demand and the fuel cell (FC) by the weight of hydrogen storage in Metallhydridzylindern.
To overcome this limitation of the BZ system, developed TKMS a methanol reformer. The methanol reformer to produce hydrogen for fuel cell operation on board, making the Metallhydridzylinder are no longer required.The energy reserves carried on board, they can simply be increased without increasing the U-boat to have much. Another advantage is the simplified logistics as in liquid methanol and the world at reasonable prices is available.
The currently developed system based on steam reforming of methanol, with a hydrogen-rich gas mixture is generated in the reformer. In a further step will be the largest fraction of hydrogen with a membrane filter unit from the so-called reformed filtered out. The residual gases from the membrane filter unit still contain combustible components are burned with pure oxygen to generate the heat needed for the reforming.
The procedure takes place under increased pressure to achieve the emission output for most depths without additional compressor can. The hydrogen produced in the reformer is of very high quality and is suitable for direct use in the proven Siemens fuel cell modules.
AIP engine
Fuel cell
In Howaldtswerke-German Werft GmbH (HDW) was established several years ago, the construction of a demonstration Methanolreformers.HDW is currently working on the final development of all components in order for use on board a submarine is adequate - a challenge given the need for a process plant in the closed atmosphere of a submarine to integrate.The methanol reformer itself is here provided with various safeguards to protect the crew from harmful gases and liquids.
With the development of Methanolreformers HDW combines the advantages of AIP fuel cell systems with the advantages of a liquid fuel, whereby the customer will be offered another alternative in the AIP technology at TKMS.
Demonstration facility of a 240-kW Methanolreformers
By high-performance lithium-based batteries in the near future is another milestone of modern submarine technology to the market open.By using high-performance batteries based on lithium polymer technology will win the U-boat of the future not only of endurance at low speed, by AIP, but especially for speed and at cruising speed.
Since lithium-polymer batteries used in electronic consumer goods such as mobile and cordless phones or laptops in our daily lives have become a fixture, much progress has been made to solve the security problems the first time by modern construction methods with a polymer electrolyte cells and battery management systems.
A necessary step for the submarine application is the enlargement of the cells compared to the current state of the art order of magnitude. The resulting challenges to the production technology have been addressed in a joint development with the German company GAIA.
With these new battery modules, the battery capacity can be, with a constant battery compartment as compared to traditional lead-acid battery at about twice the long-term discharge and fourfold increases in speed. These lithium batteries are much lighter than lead acid batteries, so they lend themselves for use with the heavy Metallhydridzylindern for hydrogen storage for the BZ system, because the submarine designer is given the opportunity to increase the amount of energy carried for AIP, without a draft fundamentally change the U-boat to have.
Apart from the capacity of lithium polymer batteries offer the submarine numerous other advantages:
* The cells can be recharged with a very high charging current, making the risk of discovery associated with a higher residence time can be reduced in depth snorkeling;
* The cell capacity can be used to 100 percent, thus further capacity advantage compared to lead acid batteries produced;
* The lithium-polymer batteries are maintenance free;
* You can be stored in any state of charge;
* They consume no distilled water;
* You release any gases;
* Water cooling is not required;
* The efficiency of the battery is due to the low internal resistance is very high.
This last advantage is also the only drawback: Due to the low internal resistance generates very high short circuit currents, which must be addressed with appropriate measures in the electrical system.
Currently, TKMS and GAIA, the first 500-Ah test cells and proceed with the examination of the first full-size battery modules and sub-batteries and the battery management system.
lithium batteries
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Kompositpropeller
iting factor of the materials usually used bronze or Sonoston is their relatively low material damping.To keep the self noise caused by the propeller, the gains from new sensors for low-frequency identification is becoming increasingly important, as low as possible, was a different material is required.
Therefore, it was at HDW begun to develop a Kompositpropellers. In a first step, the technical feasibility was demonstrated by a propeller, was built on the basis of CRP with identical dimensions of the propeller of the submarine class 206A. Long-term functional demonstration tests on board an on-duty 206A submarine of the German Navy have successfully demonstrated the feasibility, in particular as regards the connection of the hub, with CFRP sheets of metal.
As a next step, a new propeller was built with high material damping, which is now being tested on a submarine of the 212A class. In parallel ways to improve the connection of the leaves are tested with the hub. The Kompositpropeller is offered by TKMS already a standard feature on future submarines
Flexible Payload
For more than half a century, the standard weapon of the torpedo is a submarine.For a modern submarine flexible payload consists today of much more than the heavyweight torpedo.A wide range of weapons is needed if the U-boat is to carry out effective self-defense and staged attacks
modern submarine can be equipped according to the likely requirements of the current contract with a wide range of weapons, mines, sensors and other devices.In the last 30 years as a missile submarine weapon for use against surface vessels or targets on land have considerably gained in importance.In addition, special forces have become an important part of many armed forces and the submarine is the ideal vehicle for such covert forces from the water dar. why should the modern submarine can carry a variety of different payloads:
* Torpedoes
* Ship-to-ship missiles
* Ship-to-shore missile
* Ship-to-air missiles
* Countermeasure and weapons for self-defense
* Mines
* Unmanned Vehicles
* Special Forces
Today, the weapons pipes and storage facilities can accommodate not only torpedoes but also mines, divers, light and heavy missiles and drones.
To increase flexibility further, can be replaced by a larger number of torpedo tubes as a flexible payload designated sluice pipe.This is the U-boat in a position to spend big or bulky, unmanned underwater vehicles and large groups of special operations forces with their equipment.The flexible payload sheath is an important part of the next Swedish submarine project A26.Furthermore, a vertical cylindrical tube can accommodate various payloads, such as guided missiles, equipment for special forces, mines, or just additional fuel reserves.
payload vertical pipe
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Flexible load lock, designed for new Swedish submarines A-26
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IDAS missile system
A new generation of fiber-controlled missiles for submarines is currently under development: the system IDAS (Interactive Defense and Attack System).IDAS is connected throughout the operation via an optical waveguide with the U-boat.The missile will constantly send his IR camera images to recog-nize the consoles of the arms control system in the U-boat.This missile was designed for self-defense against the main enemy of the modern submarine: the anti-submarine helicopter.However, this weapon can be controlled so precisely that it is also suitable for use against surface ships and land targets near the coast.The IDAS missile is fired from a launch canister, which can be loaded in any suitable weapon for a torpedo tube.The system can therefore be relatively easy to retrofit into an existing submarine.
Test firing one missile IDAS
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Signatures
In recent decades, great emphasis was placed on TKMS to minimizing the signatures of our submarines.The results achieved in this period, improvements are enormous and we must - even if it is always the mirror image of the border are also constantly developing sensors must be considered - and with good reason say that our submarines are now even harder to detect than ever.TKMS today is the lightest U-manufactures boats that were ever built.These submarines are designed for an opponent with passive tracking funds virtually undetectable.
Consequently, the enemy is now using again increasingly active tracking funds, although he thus reveals his own position. Because of this change in the threat of the submarine, the task today is to take appropriate countermeasures. There are two main active threat of a submarine: at periscope depth by radar and dipped by active sonar.
Especially for AIP submarines, surface vessels in comparison to the risk of detection by radar rather low, because these modern submarines with AIP spend most of their time deep diving and are protected by the water before radar. But as the demand for Undetectability the submarine is extremely high, the remaining risk by radarabsorbierendes material minimizes the Ausfahrmasten.
Thus, the opposing Aktivsonar is today the main threat to modern submarines. The following paragraphs will explain what can be achieved with molding and coating to minimize the Zielmaß too.
Submarine signatures
Shaping
The first rule of design is to keep the U-boat as small as possible.This affects not only have a positive effect on the maneuverability, but also reduces the size of the plots, which can reflect sonar pulses.However, this reduction reached the target level alone is not sufficient, so additional measures such as the optimization of geometric parameters need to be made.
In addition, the direction of the incoming sonar signal in relation to the submarine and the probability of a certain direction angle are considered.For further removal of the enemy is the sonar pulse on the submarine for geometrical reasons, nearly horizontal (0 °).Even in a relatively short distance, eg if the opponent 1,000 m distance to the U-boat has, which is located at a depth of 100 m, the angle of incidence is still less than 6 °.Since the probability of a threat of this kind from such a short distance small (and can usually be avoided by the submarine crew) is the optimization of pitch angle of the incoming signal is between 0 ° and about 6 ° is sufficient.The predominance of these low slope angle is enhanced by the influence of salt and temperature shifts nor that lead to the formation of horizontal acoustic channels.
The most important point is the avoidance of reflective vertical surfaces wherever possible. As the pressure hull has to withstand the pressure dive at great depths, it is not possible to deviate from the circular diameter. But the faces of the tower structure, the upper deck and keel are oblique. TKMS has the potential impact of such changes on durability, maneuverability, ease of use and Anströmungsgeräusche the submarine examined in detail. In the end, a compromise between the different in the submarine requirements can be found.
optimized for sound reflection U-boat form
Coating
The second option for reducing the target level of a submarine is in the installation of acoustically active coatings.Basically it is all acoustic coatings for compressible materials.
TKMS has developed a reflective coating that is applied to the bow, stern and inclined surfaces. The material reflects and scatters the incoming sound energy so that it can not penetrate into flooded spaces, which reflect back the great waves of sound architectural structures. The most brilliant line of the pressure hull can be covered with an absorbent material, which must be physical reasons to be considerably thicker.An absorbent material for this purpose is currently being developed at TKMS
inclined tower space with reflective coating
Changes in the geopolitical environment have some effects on the naval strategy, leading to revised operational requirements and needs - with a corresponding new technical and non-technical challenges.Wherever there is this kind of challenge, on the one hand, there is a risk, but the other has to bring up the possibility of major innovations and progressive developments
The non-nuclear submarine currently as changes in two areas: one in development, design and production and other technologies employed to extend the operating capabilities of the submarine. Together, these innovations are the conventional submarine locate robust, heavier and more flexible. Thus, it can come in a variety of scenarios are used - from peacekeeping to combat missions.
The evolution of non-nuclear submarines is now obsolete in a sense, that of their huge nuclear-powered siblings - just because they do not suffer the many disadvantages of these boats, for example concerning more elaborate signature management and costs.
The additional capabilities and increased stamina to make the U-boat in the 21 Century, even more important than in the 20 already was. The non-nuclear submarine yesterday and today is a world-class resources for the perception of safety on the seas around the world.
MARINE- UBoottechnologie
נערך לאחרונה ע"י ralf בתאריך 15-09-2009 בשעה 22:50.
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15-09-2009, 22:44
לפחות לא הוזכר בטקסט משרד פיתוח של יאקובלב (Yak) , אחרת זה בטח היה יוצא Instant Dry Buffalo או משהו דומה.
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